Uses of BT lipopeptides as therapeutics for obesity and related diseases

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compositions and uses for treating or preventing obesity and related diseases in patients.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. §371 and claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/US2013/075521, filed Dec. 17, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/738,166, filed Dec. 17, 2012, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates in general to the field of biotechnology, more specifically, to use of a family of lipopeptides to treat or prevent obesity and obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND

Obesity causes a group of serious diseases collectively known as metabolic syndrome. These obesity-related diseases include insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes mellitus), atherogenic dyslipidemia (leading to cardiovascular diseases), hypertension (risking stroke, heart attacks and chronic kidney failure) and fatty liver. A strong association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has helped coin the term “diabesity”. Obesity is one of the most critical and widespread health issues, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. Rates of obesity in developing countries have tripled in the last 20 years, while American obesity rates are the highest in the world. 64 percent of United States adults are overweight or obese, and about one-third of American children and adolescents are overweight or obese. There is no shortage of “treatments” for obesity, including prescription and over-the-counter medications, weight loss programs, diets and exercise regimens. Some of these solutions work, but they almost categorically result in unmet expectations for both doctors and patients, with no long-term improvement in weight or overall health. The few prescription medications currently available work to centrally suppress appetite or to block fat absorption (as anti-nutrients). However, these therapies suffer from limited efficacy and/or various adverse effects. Most patients on these therapies rebound and continue to gain weight.

Obesity is not just the result of imbalanced energy intake over expenditure. Besides host genetics, diet and exercise, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key environmental factor in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome (i.e. in genetically obese ob/ob mice) with changes of the gut microbiota in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial divisions (the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes) (Ley et al., 2005) and an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet. The obesity trait is also transmissible or infectious: colonization of germ-free mice with an “obese microbiota” results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a “lean microbiota” (Turnbaugh et al., 2006), while germ-free mice are resistant to high-fat-induced diabesity (Backhed et al., 2004; Backhed et al., 2007; Rabot et al., 2010). More importantly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria of the gut microbiota plays a triggering role in diabesity via “metabolic endotoxemia”:high-fat diet increases not only the proportion of LPS-containing bacteria but also intestinal permeability for LPS (Cani et al., 2007). Accordingly, known microbiota modulators/gut barrier enhancers which confer general health benefits to the host animal, such as probiotics (Lee et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2008; Aronsson et al., 2010; Kadooka et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2010; Kondo et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2011; Delzenne et al., 2011; Mozaffarian et al., 2011; Fak and Backhed, 2012; Ji et al., 2012; Teixeira et al., 2012) and prebiotics (Keenan et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2009), have showed promise as new clinical tools in this specific therapeutic area of obesity and metabolic syndrome, though issues such as dietary changes undesirable to humans (i.e. >8% resistant starch prebiotic in diet) may limit the usefulness of these methods. However, in keeping with the long-held concept of intestinal immune tolerance and undermining a previous theory from (Vijay-Kumar et al., 2010), (Ubeda et al., 2012) have recently found that the anti-infective innate immunity controlled by the pathogen-pattern-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) seems unable to overcome the tolerance to target the obesogenic symbiotic commensal microbes in an “obese microbiota” as foreign infectious pathogens and induce a leanogenic microbiota to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome, depriving the basis for speculating an anti-diabesity use of an anti-infective innate immunomodulator.

Currently, the only approved effective treatment for obesity is Gastric Bypass Surgery. In normal digestion, food passes through the stomach and enters the small intestine, where most of the nutrients and calories are absorbed; it then passes into the large intestine (colon), and the remaining waste is eventually excreted. In a prototypical Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, the stomach is made smaller by creating a small pouch at the top of the stomach using surgical staples or a plastic band; the smaller stomach is connected directly to the middle portion of the small intestine (jejunum), bypassing the rest of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenum). In addition to appetite suppression and a typical weight loss of 20 to 30 kg, which can be maintained for up to 10 years (Maggard et al., 2005), Gastric Bypass completely resolves type 2 diabetes mellitus within days after the surgery and well before significant weight loss. However, Gastric Bypass Surgery is restricted to the extremely obsessed due to high surgical cost, a significant mortality rate due to complications at about 1%, a failure rate at about 15%, irreversibility, gallstones, malabsorption-caused lean mass loss and a requirement of nutritional supplementation. The underlying anti-diabesity mechanism for Gastric Bypass is believed to be diverting undigested nutrients to the mid- and lower-GI track to stimulate secretion of appetite-suppressing anti-diabesity GI peptide hormones such as peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and cholecystokinin (CCK) by nutrient-sensing enteroendocrine cells (Geraedts et al., 2009; Geraedts et al., 2010; Laferrere et al., 2010; Peterli et al., 2012). Attempts to use these anti-diabesity hormones as injectable mono-therapeutics to treat obesity have been unsuccessful likely due to a need to simultaneously administer more than one hormone (Field et al., 2010). Interestingly, oral taste receptor cells display great functional similarities (in receptor expression and GI hormone production) to GI enteroendcrine cells (Wu et al., 2002; Dyer et al., 2005; Bogunovic et al., 2007; Palazzo et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2009), and (Acosta et al., 2011) showed that PYY delivered to the oral cavity of DIO mice induced fairly good reductions of food intake and body weight likely via interaction with the specific Y2 receptor on the fibers of afferent taste nerves in oral mucosa (also see U.S. Ser. No. 13/145,660). So far there are no known agents or methods capable of stimulating production of multiple GI hormones in the oral taste receptor cells to confer anti-diabesity effects.

The Gastric Bypass Surgery and (adverse effect-prone) anti-nutrient strategies have significant mechanistic overlap in up-regulating GI hormones, as anti-nutrients (such as dirlotapide) inhibit nutrient absorption to induce secretion of GI hormones (Wren et al., 2007).

The Gastric Bypass Surgery and the microbiota modulation/gut barrier enhancement anti-diabesity therapeutics (prebiotics and probiotics) also have significant mechanistic overlap in up-regulation of the GI hormones. Colonic fermentation of the anti-diabesity prebiotic, non-digestible resistant starch, liberates short-chain fatty acids to cause day-long sustained secretion of PYY and GLP-1 (Keenan et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2009). TLR agonists such as the TLR2 agonist lipoprotein/lipopeptide (Sturm et al., 2005), the TLR5 agonist flagellin (Schlee et al., 2007; Troge et al., 2012) and the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA (Lammers et al., 2003; Menard et al., 2010; Zhong et al., 2012) are important contributory factors to the beneficial effects of a probiotic. TLR agonists also have non-immunomodulatory functions of directly inducing the enteroendocrine secretion of GI hormones (which have no reported activities to enhance anti-infective innate immunity against pathogen challenges). Enteroendocrine cells such as the STC-1 cells express functional TLRs including TLR2 (Bogunovic et al., 2007). Activation of TLR4, TLR5 or TLR9 (with respective agonist LPS, flagellin or CpG oligo DNA) induces the secretion of the GI hormone CCK from STC-1 enteroendocrine cells as well as in C57BL/6 mice (Palazzo et al., 2007), implying a TLR-mediated anti-diabesity enteroendocrine mechanism for probiotics. In addition, saturated fatty acids are agonists for both TLR4 and TLR2 (Lee et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2004), thus these two TLRs may play direct nutrient-sensing roles for the most diabeisty-relevant nutrients in enteroendocrine cells. However, the potential of this immunity-independent TLR-GI hormone pathway remains unexploited in the absence of a novel non-absorbable noninflammatory TLR agonist, because the above traditional inflammatory TLR agonists have to be excluded from the use as an anti-diabesity agent to prevent a potentially harmful TLR-mediated systemic inflammatory response (as mentioned above, LPS can actually induce metabolic syndrome). Therefore, there is the need in the art of novel therapeutics for obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Brevibacillus texasporus (e.g., ATCC PTA-5854) is a previously identified soil bacterium that expresses a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS, encoded by the operon under GenBank accession number AY953371) to produce a family/mixture of related cationic NRP variants of 13 amino acid residues (“BT peptides” or “BT lipopeptides” in light of their newly resolved N-terminal structure, and the two terms are interchangeable in the present disclosure), among which BT1583 is the most abundant variant (WO/2005/074626). The cationic peptides (as a mixture or individual peptides isolated from B. texasporus) display a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro (BT Function #1). The high degree of 16S rDNA sequence identity (98.5%) between PTA-5854 and the Brevibacillus laterosporus type strain classifies Brevibacillus texasporus as a subspecies of Brevibacillus laterosporus, with Brevibacillus laterosporus subsp. texasporus defined as Brevibacillus laterosporus strains that produce the nonribosomal peptides from the BT NRPS (or BT peptides). Genomic sequencing of at least two B. laterosporus strains (LMG 15441 and GI-9) has validated this taxonomy. Both genomes (published respectively under GenBank accession number AFRV00000000 and EMBL accession numbers CAGD01000001 to CAGD01000061) contain an intact BT NRPS operon with 99% DNA sequence identity to AY953371, even though these B. laterosporus strains are not known to be producers of BT peptides. “Brevibacillus texasporus”, “Brevibacillus laterosporus subsp. texasporus” and “B. texasporus” are thus synonymous.

The exact identity of the N-terminal residue (including its modification) of the BT peptides was unknown, and WO/2005/074626 provided a tentative N-terminal assignment of a doubly methylated Bmt, (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine and an overall BT1583 structure of Me₂-Bmt-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol, in which Orn stands for ornithine and Vol stands for valinol. Though BT peptides were discovered as antibiotics based on their antibacterial activities in vitro, (WO/2005/074626 and (Wu et al., 2005)), orally delivered BT peptides (as a mixture isolated from B. texasporus) lack antibacterial activity in vivo. For example, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are highly sensitive to the BT peptides in vitro, but orally delivered BT peptides at concentrations well above the minimal inhibition concentration fail to decolonize VRE in the mouse GI track (Kogut et al., 2007). Importantly, orally delivered BT peptides are neither digested nor absorbed in the GI track, likely due to the presence of D-form amino acid residues and their relative highly molecular weights at about 1,600 daltons respectively. Nevertheless, orally delivered BT peptides (also as a mixture isolated from B. texasporus) can cause a number of beneficial systemic effects to animals. Orally delivered BT peptides are effective in preventing respiratory colibacillosis (air sac E. coli infection) and promoting growth and increasing feed conversion in young chickens (Jiang et al., 2005). Perhaps more importantly, the in vivo anti-infective effects of BT peptides appear to be independent of the in vitro antibiotic activities, as orally delivered BT peptides are effective in preventing infections in chickens by E. coli and Salmonella at concentrations below the in vitro minimal inhibition concentrations (Jiang et al., 2005; Kogut et al., 2007; Kogut et al., 2009). It is also discovered that circulating heterophils and monocytes are primed (rather than activated) in BT-fed chickens, pointing to innate immunity modulation as a likely mechanism of action for these in vivo anti-infective effects. Considering the fact that orally delivered BT peptides travel through the GI track without being digested or absorbed, BT peptides may stimulate intestinal epithelial cells to secret factors into the blood which in turn prime leukocytes to enhance anti-infective immunity (BT Function #2).

Bogorols are a family of 5 lipopeptide antibiotics isolated from a marine bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus PNG276 found in a Papua New Guinea tubeworm (U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,283), which also produces a number of other antibiotics, including the lipopeptide antibiotic Tauramamide (Gerard et al., 1999; Desjardine et al., 2007). The most abundant variant bogorol A has a reported molecular weight of 1,584 and a reported structure (SEQ ID No: 1) of Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol, in which Hmp stands for 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid and Dhb stands for 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid (Barsby et al., 2001; Barsby et al., 2006). As a prelude to the present invention, the inventor discovered that BT peptides are lipopeptides: BT1583 has the same structure as bogorol A, the BT and bogorol families share four common NRP members, and thus Brevibacillus laterosporus PNG276 is also a B. texasporus strain (Examples 1 and 2).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based partly on inventor's discovery that protease-resistant BT peptides are capable of inducing physiological changes typically mediated by nutrient-sensing enteroendocrine/taste receptor cells, therefore can be used as an oral anti-diabesity pseudo-nutrient (BT Function #3). Orally delivered BT peptides are shown to completely reverse diet-induced and genetic obesity and insulin resistance in a pattern consistent with body weight normalization rather than unidirectional weight loss.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing obesity and diseases related to obesity, comprising of an effective amount of one or more BT lipopeptides. For example, the BT lipopeptide of the present invention has the sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 21. BT lipopeptides can be made naturally using a B. texasporus strain (as a mixture or further purified individual peptides) or via chemical synthesis. BT lipopeptides of this invention are provided as isolated water-soluble peptides, i.e. in a substantially purified form. A “substantially purified form” is one wherein one or more peptides of this invention constitute at least about 1 weight percent of a composition, preferably at least about 10 weight percent, more preferably at least about 25 weight percent, still more preferably at least about 50 weight percent, yet still more preferably at least about 75 weight percent, and yet still more preferably at least about 95 weight percent, and most preferably at least about 99 weight percent. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise an effective amount of BT peptides as a mixture isolated from B. texasporus. Peptides of this invention may be provided as salts, which salts include acid or base addition salts, depending on whether the moiety on the peptide (e.g. an amino acid side group) being connected to a salt is a basic or acidic moiety. Preferably, the salt will be acceptable for pharmaceutical purposes. This invention also provides peptides of this invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in a pharmaceutical composition. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may not necessarily contain a BT peptide or peptides of this invention in a substantially purified form because the composition may contain carriers, diluents, or other materials suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions, in admixture with the peptide(s).

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention for treating or preventing obesity and diseases related to obesity is an oral dose form that comprises an effective amount of water-soluble BT lipopeptides and ingredients that promote the peptides' contact with and/or exposure to the oral cavity of a subject. In a specific embodiment, the oral dose form is an aqueous solution comprising one or more BT lipopeptides.

In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a method of inducing satiation in a subject that includes applying to at least a portion of the mouth of the subject a composition comprising one or more BT lipopeptides in a water-soluble form at a time period prior to eating (preprandial). The time period may be 5 seconds or more. In a specific embodiment, the time period is 5-360 min prior to eating. In a more specific embodiment, the time period is 30-120 min prior to eating.

Another embodiment relates to a container comprising a solid (e.g. powder), fluid or semi-fluid composition that comprises one or more BT lipopeptides in a water-soluble form and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment the container comprises a nozzle for ejecting the composition into the mouth of a subject. The container may be under pressure and/or be equipped with a pump nozzle.

Another embodiment relates to a mouth applicable article loaded with one or more BT lipopeptides in a water-soluble form. The article may be a chewing gum loaded with one or more BT lipopeptides; a lozenge (eg a dissolvable solid or semi-solid object intended to hold in the mouth for a period of time) loaded with one or more BT lipopeptides, or a permeable pouch or sponge loaded with one or more BT lipopeptides. The article is designed for extended delivery of one or more BT lipopeptides to the mouth and/or pharynx, as opposed to conventional oral administration that involves the immediate swallowing of a pill, tablet or capsule composition as is conventionally understood as oral administration. In particular, the article is designed for delivery to the tongue.

In a specific embodiment, one or more BT lipopeptides is delivered to the mouth and/or pharynx of a subject according to a generally continuous time period of at least 5, 10, 15 or more seconds. In another embodiment, the delivery is for 0.1-120 minutes, including any specific 0.1 minute increment within such range.

In certain embodiments, a formulation is prepared for spraying into the mouth. The pharmaceutical composition may be placed in a container equipped with a sprayer nozzle and either ejected through a pump motion or by release of pressure.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is combined and provided in the form of a chewing gum.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing obesity and obesity-related diseases by orally administering an effective amount of one or more BT lipopeptides. One exemplary embodiment of the invention comprises selecting an obese or overweight patient, orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to reduce body weight or body weight gain. Another exemplary embodiment of then invention is a method of treating or preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus, comprising orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to control the blood glucose level and increase insulin sensitivity. Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing combined hyperlipidemia, comprising orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to control blood LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver, comprising orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to treat or prevent fat accumulation in liver and subsequent liver failure. Yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing hypertension, comprising orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to treat or prevent high blood pressure.

In one more aspect, this present invention provides a method of reducing food intake, comprising selecting an obese or overweight patient, orally administering to the patient an amount of one or more BT lipopeptides effective to reduce food intake.

Preferably, the patient in the present invention is a human patient.

The dosing level of the BT lipopeptides as a non-absorbable pseudo-nutrient according to the present invention is to be measured in mg of BT lipopeptides per kg of the dry weight of the food consumption per day (as opposed to mg per kg of body weight per day). The present invention provides that an effective amount of BT lipopeptide pseudo-nutrient is in the range between 100 to 10,000 mg per kg of the dry weight of the food consumption per day in a single or divided dose.

Also provided in the present invention is a method to identify new oral anti-diabesity agent, comprising identifying a noninflammatory TLR agonist via screening in vitro with innate immunity cells and then testing for indigestibility, non-absorption and anti-diabesity effects in a diabesity animal model (i.e. DIO, db/db or ob/ob mice) via oral delivery. The present invention also provides a method of treating obesity and obesity-related diseases using such new oral anti-diabesity agent.

Furthermore, the present invention provides BT lipopeptides as an oral adjuvant to enhance the immune response to a vaccine, such as a vaccine against microbial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, HIV, influenza, HBV, HCV, Herpes viruses, Filoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, HPV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Human T-lymphotropic viruses), parasitical infections, cancers and combinations thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Corrected structure of BT1583 with dash lines representing the ¹H-¹H NOEs

FIG. 2. Oral BT treatment via in drinking water at 40 ppm caused no difference in weight gain, food or water intake in DIO mice

FIG. 3. Oral glucose tolerance (oGTT) and glucose-induced insulin secretion in DIO mice were not changed by 30 days of oral BT treatment via drinking water at 40 ppm

FIG. 4. Oral BT treatment via in drinking water at 400 ppm significantly reduced body weight, food and water intakes in DIO mice

FIG. 5. Oral glucose tolerance (oGTT) and glucose-induced insulin secretion in DIO mice were significantly improved by 30 days of oral BT treatment via drinking water at 400 ppm

FIG. 6. Body composition and hydration were significantly improved in the DIO mice by 30 days of oral BT treatment via drinking water at 400 ppm

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims.

“NRP variants” refers to non-ribosomal peptides produced by a microorganism from the same NRPS. NRP variants may differ from one another in amino acid sequence by one or more residues depending on the extent of NRPS codon degeneracy in the NRPS.

“Noninflammatory TLR agonist” refers to a TLR agonist that cannot trigger a response in an innate immunity cell on its own but can increase the cell's response triggered by a separate stimulant. In other words, unlike traditional inflammatory TLR agonists (such as the TLR4 agonist LPS) which directly trigger an inflammatory response, the effect of a noninflammatory TLR agonist is priming-only.

“Pseudo-nutrients” refers to non-digestible and non-absorbable natural or synthetic compounds that can induce physiological changes typically mediated by nutrient-sensing enteroendocrine/taste receptor cells, such as secretion of GI hormones, anti-diabesity effects and enhanced nutrient absorption. Pseudo-nutrients are distinct from antinutrients (such as dirlotapide) which are natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients to induce secretion of GI hormones (Wren et al., 2007).

The pathway of immunity-independent but TLR-mediated nutrient-sensing in enteroendocrine cells allows an efficient two-step strategy to identify new pseudo-nutrients which can induce secretion of anti-diabesity GI hormones from enteroendocrine/taste receptor cells. The first step involves identifying a noninflammatory (priming-but-not-activating) TLR agonist via screening compounds in vitro with innate immunity cells such as isolated leukacytes. The second step involves testing the TLR agonists for indigestibility, non-absorption and anti-diabesity effects in DIO, db/db or ob/ob mice via oral delivery of the TLR agonist. To avoid potentially harmful systemic inflammation, it is essential to exclude inflammatory TLR agonists such as LPS. The discovery of BT lipopeptide pseudo-nutrient provided the proof-of-concept for this screening strategy.

“Body Mass Index” (BMI) is a number based on a person's weight and height that provides a way to estimate the effect of weight on health. A person's weight in kilograms and height in meters: BMI=kilograms divided by (meters squared). A healthy “normal body weight” refers to a BMI is between 19 and 24.9. “Overweight” refers to a BMI between 25 and 29.9. “Obese” refers to a BMI 30 or higher.

“Administering” includes self-administering. “Oral delivery” or “oral administering” includes delivery or administering to and/or through oral cavity.

The BT peptides or BT lipopeptides used in the studies of Examples 3 though 7 were a mixture of natural BT NRP variants (including SEQ ID NOs: 1-9) isolated from B. texasporus using the isolation and detection methods disclosed in WO/2005/074626 and (Wu et al., 2005) but without the reverse-phase HPLC step to resolve the BT NRP variants. People skilled in the art can readily make the BT peptide or BT lipopeptides using the methods described in those references. The BT peptides or BT lipopeptides were characterized, and the amino acid sequences were provided below in Table 1. Table 1 describes the structures of the nine (above-detection-level) BT NRP variants and their typical relative abundances in such mixture (in which no non-BT-NRPS-originated peptides could be detected with mass spectrometry).

TABLE 1 Summary of BT NRP variants SEQ ID Bogo BT Variant Peptide sequence % NO. -rol Dominant Variant BT1583 HmP-_(E)phb-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 31  1 A Minor Variants BT1601-M2 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 26  2 D BT1569-V2 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 20  3 B Detectable Variants BT1597-I5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  6  4 BT1611-K3I5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu- _(D)

-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  6  5 BT1555-V2V4 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-

-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  5  6 C BT1615-M2I5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  4  7 BT1583-I2 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  1  8 BT1617-F2 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol  1  9 Predicted Variants BT1597-L5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 10 BT1615-M2L5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 11 BT1583-V215 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 12 BT1583-V2L5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 13 BT1597-I215 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 14 BT1597-I2L5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 15 BT1631-F2I5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 16 BT1631-F2L5 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-Ile-

-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 17 BT1569-V4 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu-_(D)Orn-

-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 18 BT1587-M2V4 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-

-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 19 BT1569-I2V4 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-

-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 20 BT1603-F2V4 Hmp-_(E)Dhb-

-_(D)Orn-

-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol 21 (Hmp stands for 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, Dhb stands for 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid which is synonymous with dehydrothreonine (Dht), Vol stands for valinol, D and E subscripts stand for D-form chirality in an amino acid and (E)-configuration respectively, and % indicates relative abundance of a variant among the BT NRP variants as a mixture isolated from B. texasporus cells when assayed with mass spectrometry)

EXAMPLE 1

Mass Spectrometry

In WO/2005/074626 and (Wu et al., 2005), the NRPS codon of the first module of the BT's non-ribosomal peptide synthetase was predicted to be that of threonine or dehydrothreonine (Dht). Since the standard amino acid composition assays of BT1583 failed to produce evidence for the presence of either Thr or Dht as the first amino acid residue, a residue of Bmt was tentatively assigned merely because its doubly N-methylated form could provide a fragment with a mass of 197 which roughly “fit” the b-series m/z signal of 198 in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).

To gain better insight into the N-terminal structure, BT1583 peptide was subjected to a more comprehensive MS/MS analysis, which revealed a previously undetected smaller b-series m/z signal of 115.1 that would translate into a ΔM of 83.0 daltons as the mass for the first amino acid residue (Table 2). The only known amino acid residue with a mass of 83.0 daltons is exactly dehydrothrenine (Dht), which is more commonly known in literatures as 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutyric acid (Dhb).

TABLE 2 MS/MS results of C18 HPLC purified BT NRP variants BT1583 BT1569-V2 BT1597-I5 Mass Mass Mass m/z Predicted m/z Predicted m/z Predicted b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 311.2 113.1 Leu 297.1 99.0

311.2 113.1 Leu 425.2 114.0 Orn 411.2 114.1 Orn 425.2 114.0 Orn 538.3 113.1 Ile 524.3 113.2 Ile 538.3 113.1 Ile 637.3 99.0 Val 623.3 99.0 Val 651.3 113.0

736.3 99.1 Val 722.3 99.0 Val 750.4 99.1 Val 864.4 128.0 Lys 850.4 128.1 Lys 878.4 128.0 Lys 963.5 99.1 Val 949.4 99.0 Val 977.5 99.1 Val 1076.5 113.0 Leu 1062.5 113.1 Leu 1090.5 113.0 Leu 1204.6 128.1 Lys 1190.5 128.0 Lys 1218.6 128.1 Lys 1367.7 163.1 Tyr 1353.6 163.1 Tyr 1381.7 163.1 Tyr 1480.8 113.1 Leu 1466.8 113.2 Leu 1494.8 113.1 Leu 1583.0 102.2 Vol 1569.0 102.2 Vol 1597.0 102.2 Vol BT1555-V2V4 BT1601-M2 BT1611-K3I5 Mass Mass Mass m/z Predicted m/z Predicted m/z Predicted b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 297.1 99.0

329.1 131.0

311.2 113.1 Leu 411.2 114.l Orn 443.2 114.1 Orn 439.3 128.1

510.2 99.0

556.2 113.0 Ile 552.3 113.0 Ile 609.3 99.1 Val 655.3 99.1 Val 665.3 113.0

708.3 99.0 Val 754.3 99.0 Val 764.4 99.1 Val 836.4 128.1 Lys 882.4 128.1 Lys 892.4 128.0 Lys 935.4 99.0 Val 981.4 99.0 Val 991.5 99.1 Val 1048.5 113.1 Leu 1094.5 113.1 Leu 1104.5 113.0 Leu 1176.5 128.0 Lys 1222.5 128.0 Lys 1232.6 128.1 Lys 1339.6 163.1 Tyr 1385.6 163.1 Tyr 1395.7 163.1 Tyr 1452.7 113.1 Leu 1498.8 113.2 Leu 1508.8 113.1 Leu 1555.0 102.3 Vol 1601.0 102.2 Vol 1611.0 102.2 Vol BT1615-M2I5 BT1583-I2 BT1617-F2 Mass Mass Mass m/z Predicted m/z Predicted m/z Predicted b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue b-series ΔM residue 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 115.1 115.1 Hmp 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 198.1 83.0 Dhb 329.1 131.0

311.1 113.0

345.1 147.0

443.2 114.1 Orn 425.2 114.1 Orn 459.2 114.1 Orn 556.2 113.0 Ile 538.2 113.0 Ile 572.2 113.0 Ile 669.3 113.1

637.3 99.1 Val 671.3 99.1 Val 768.3 99.0 Val 736.3 99.0 Val 770.3 99.0 Val 896.4 128.1 Lys 864.3 128.0 Lys 898.4 128.1 Lys 995.4 99.0 Val 963.4 99.1 Val 997.4 99.0 Val 1108.5 113.1 Leu 1076.4 113.0 Leu 1110.4 113.0 Leu 1236.5 128.0 Lys 1204.5 128.1 Lys 1238.5 128.1 Lys 1399.6 163.1 Tyr 1367.6 163.1 Tyr 1401.5 163.0 Tyr 1512.8 113.2 Leu 1480.7 113.1 Leu 1514.6 113.1 Leu 1615.0 102.2 Vol 1583.0 102.3 Vol 1617.0 102.4 Vol

The identification of BT1583′s first amino acid residue as Dhb raised the possibility that BT1583 and the lipopeptide bogorol A have the same molecular structure. As an initial test of this hypothesis, BT1583 was hydrolysed to free amino acids with HC1 at 110° C. overnight and then subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to see whether BT1583 also contained Dhb and Hmp residues. In the positive mode of detection, although Tyr (M+H⁺/z =182.1), Lys (147.1), Orn (133.1), Leu/Ile (132.1), Val (118.1) and Vol (104.1) were clearly detected, Dhb/Dht (102.1) or Thr (120.1) remained undetected. However, in the negative mode of detection, an M−H⁺/z signal of 131.1 was clearly detected to corroborate the presence of an Hmp residue in BT1583.

HPLC purification allowed isolation of eight additional BT NRP variants, and they were also subjected to the same comprehensive MS/MS analysis. Since all these NRP variants produced a b-series m/z signal of 115.1 besides 198.1 (Table 2), they appeared to contain the same N-terminal (Hmp-Dhb-) structure as BT1583.

Therefore, the mass spectrometry results revealed additional structural similarity of BT peptides to the bogorol lipopeptides and called for further investigation to determine the exact relationship between the two families of peptides.

EXAMPLE 2

2D NMR

Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy on an acetylated derivative of bogorol A played a key role in solving the structure of bogorol A (U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,283). To comprehensively elucidate the structure of native BT1583, two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy was successfully performed on non-derivatized BT1583. The NMR data revealed 14 spin systems corresponding to 13 amino acid residues (one of Dhb, three of Leu, one of Orn, one of Ile, three of Val, two of Lys, one of Tyr, and one of Vol) plus one fatty acid residue of Hmp. Complete resonance assignments was made (Table 3) based on the reported chemical shift values for amino acids, Hmp and Vol as well as from ¹H-¹H total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), ¹H-¹H correlated spectroscopy (COSY), ¹H-¹⁵N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and ¹H-¹³C heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) experiments, which allowed identification of all 14 spin systems. Nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) map spectra showed cross-peaks due to dipolar connectivities. NHi/NH(i+1) and/or Cαkli/NH(i+1) cross-peaks, where i designates a numerical position of an amino acid, allowed determination of the amino acid sequence and the N-terminal attachment of Hmp0 to Dhb1 (FIG. 1).

TABLE 3 ¹H and ¹³C NMR data for BT1583 at 500 MHz ¹³C δ ¹H δ Residue Assignment (ppm) (ppm) NOESY COSY TOCSY Hmp0 C2  74.2 3.59 Dhb1-NH, C3, OH C3, C4, C5, C6, OH C6 C3  37.9 1.48 C2, C4, C6 C2, C4, C5, C6 C4  26.1 1.16, C3, C5 C2, C3, C5, C6 0.90 C5  14.9 0.58 C4 C2, C3, C4, C5 C6  15.0 0.65 C2 C3 C2, C3, C4, C6 OH — 5.38 C2 C2 Dhb1 NH — 9.05 Hmp0-C2, Cβ, Cγ Cγ Leu2-NH Cα n.d. — Cβ 117.8 5.58 NH, Cγ Cγ Cγ  12.4 1.51 Leu2-NH, NH, Cβ NH, Cβ Leu2-Cα Leu2 NH — 7.99 Dhb1-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Dhb1-Cγ, Orn3-NH Cα  51.8 4.08 Dhb1-Cγ, NH, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Orn3-NH Cβ  37.8 1.44 Cα, Cγ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ Cγ  23.9 1.33 Cα, Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ Cδ  22.9 0.65, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ 0.62 Orn3 NH — 7.81 Leu2-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Leu2-Cα, Ile4-NH Cα  51.2 4.14 Ile4-NH NH, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Cβ  28.8 1.47, Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ, NH₂ 1.43 Cγ  23.8 1.34 Cα, Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ, NH₂ Cδ  38.1 2.53 Cγ, NH₂ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ, NH₂ NH₂ — 7.50 Cδ Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Ile4 NH — 7.57 Orn3-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cδ1, Cγ2 Orn3-Cα, Val5-NH Cα  55.9 4.08 Val5-NH NH, Cβ, Cγ1 NH, Cβ, Cγ2 Cβ  36.3 1.50 Cα, Cγ1, Cδ1, NH, Cα, Cγ1, Cδ1, Cγ2 Cγ2 Cγ1  21.7 1.15, Cα, Cβ, Cδ1, Cβ, Cδ1, Cγ2 0.81 Cδ1  10.5 0.53 Cβ, Cγ1 NH, Cβ, Cγ1 Cγ2  11.2 0.57 Cβ, Cδ1 Cα, Cβ, Cγ1 Val5 NH — 7.76 Ile4-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ Ile4-Cα, Val6-NH Cα  57.3 3.93 Val6-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ, Cγ Cβ  29.8 1.72 Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ Cγ  19.4, 0.60 Cβ NH, Cα, Cβ  19.0 Val6 NH — 7.57 Val5-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ Val5-Cα, Lys7-NH Cα  57.4 3.98 Lys7-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ, Cγ Cβ  30.2 1.74 Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ Cγ  18.2, 0.59 Cβ NH, Cα, Cβ  17.9 Lys7 NH — 7.79 Val6-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Val6-Cα, Val8-NH Cα  51.9 4.08 Val8-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Cβ  28.5 1.43 Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ Cγ  22.0 1.04 Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ Cδ  26.2 1.27 Cγ, Cε NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cε, NH₂ Cε  38.2 2.48 Cδ, NH₂ Cβ, Cγ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ NH₂ — 7.51 Cε Cβ, Cγ, Cδ, Cε Val8 NH — 7.59 Lys7-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ Lys7-Cα, Leu9-NH Cα  57.1 4.01 Leu9-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ, Cγ Cβ  30.2 1.78 Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ Cγ  17.4, 0.56 Cβ NH, Cα, Cβ  17.3 Leu9 NH — 7.87 Val8-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Val8-Cα, Lys10-NH Cα  50.8 4.07 Lys10-NH NH, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Cβ  39.8 1.32 Cα, Cγ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ Cγ  23.8 1.24 Cα, Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ Cδ  22.9 0.63, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ 0.58 Lys10 NH — 7.80 Leu9-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Leu9-Cα, Tyr11-NH Cα  51.4 4.00 Tyr11-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Cβ  31.2 1.21 Cα, Cγ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ Cγ  21.8 0.82 Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ Cδ  23.1 1.12 Cγ, Cε NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cε, NH₂ Cε  38.2 2.44 Cδ, NH₂ Cβ, Cγ, Cδ, Cε, NH₂ NH₂ — 7.54 Cε Cβ, Cγ, Cδ, Cε Tyr11 NH — 7.95 Lys10-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ Lys10-Cα, Leu12-NH Cα  54.2 4.23 Leu12-NH NH, Cβ NH, Cβ Cβ  38.2 2.62, Cα NH, Cα 2.45 Cγ n.d. — Cδ 130.3 6.77 Cε, OH Cε, OH Cε 115.0 6.38 Cγ, OH Cγ, OH Cζ n.d. — OH — 9.35 Cδ, Cε Cδ, Cε Leu12 NH — 7.91 Tyr11-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Tyr11-Cα, Vol13-NH Cα  50.7 3.98 Vol13-NH NH, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cβ, Cγ, Cδ Cβ  40.6 1.15 Cα, Cγ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cγ, Cδ Cγ  23.5 1.04 Cα, Cβ, Cδ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cδ Cδ  21.2 0.57, Cβ, Cγ NH, Cα, Cβ, Cγ 0.52 Vol13 NH — 7.21 Leu12-NH, Cα Cα, Cβ1, Cγ1, Cγ1’, Cβ2 Leu12-Cα Cα  55.2 3.31 NH, Cβ1, Cβ2 NH, Cβ1, Cγ1, Cγ1’, Cβ2 Cβ1  27.9 1.59 Cα, Cγ1, Cγ1’ NH, Cα, Cγ1, Cγ1’, Cβ2 Cγ1  21.2 0.62 Cβ1 NH, Cα, Cβ1, Cβ2 Cγ1’  20.7 0.57 Cβ1 NH, Cα, Cβ1, Cβ2 Cβ2  60.8 3.13 Cα NH, Cα, Cγ1, Cγ1’, Cβ1 OH — n.d. #

In particular, in the olefinic spectral region, the signature quartet of intensity 1:3:3:1 (around ¹H δ=5.58 ppm) was straightforwardly assigned to the Dhb1 Cβ proton. The Dhb1's (E)-configuration assignment was made on the basis of the Dhb1Cγ protons' NOE coupling to the Leu2 NH proton.

Key features of Hmp0 were confirmed by the TOCSY, COSY and HMQC experiments. A proton (¹H δ=5.38 ppm) was identified as a hydroxyl proton based on its being attached to neither carbon (in ¹H-¹³C HMQC) nor nitrogen (for its relative low δ). In both ¹H-¹H COSY and ¹H-¹H TOCSY, the hydroxyl proton was found to be interacting only with the Hmp C2 proton (¹H δ=3.59 ppm). The branched nature of Hmp at C3 was demonstrated by the C6 methyl protons' exclusive COSY interaction with the C3 proton which in turn showed additional COSY interactions with the C2 and C4 protons. Finally, the NOE coupling between the C2 and C6 protons was fully consistent with an L-Hmp residue.

Therefore, BT1583 and bogorol A have the same structure of Hmp-_(E)Dhb-Leu-_(D)Orn-Ile-Val-Val-_(D)Lys-Val-_(D)Leu-Lys-_(D)Tyr-Leu-Vol (SEQ ID NO:1). In other words, BT1583 and its natural NRP variants from B. texasporus are not N-terminally methylated as described and claimed in WO/2005/074626. This conclusion has been incorporated into the description of natural BT NRP variants in Table 1 (with correlations to bogorol peptides except bogorol E which is apparently an oxidized derivative of bogorol D).

Accordingly, despite its vastly different native habitat, Brevibacillus laterosporus PNG276 is also a strain of the B. texasporus subspecies based on its production of the BT family of peptides.

EXAMPLE 3

BT and TLR2

Orally delivered BT lipopeptides prime (rather than directly active) chicken blood innate immunity cells of heterophils and monocytes (Kogut et al., 2007; Kogut et al., 2009), and BT lipopeptides also prime (rather than directly active) isolated chicken heterophils and monocytes in vitro (Kogut et al., 2012). Since orally delivered BT lipopeptides are not absorbed into blood to come into direct contact with these innate immunity cells, BT's in vitro priming of leukocytes by no means suggests that BT lipopeptides do the same in vivo. However, the in vitro priming assay provides a useful tool for probing possible signaling pathway involved in BT-mediated innate immunomodulation. Since TLRs are conserved receptors playing key roles in innate immunity (Farnell et al., 2003) and TLR2 is the only TLR that has lipopeptide agonists, the same in vitro BT priming assay (Kogut et al., 2012) was employed to investigate whether TLR2 can function as a receptor for BT lipopeptides.

Goat polyclonal antibodies raised against human TLR2 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Lab (Santa Cruz, Calif.). For TLR2-blocking, isolated chicken heterophils and the antibodies (2.0 μg/ml) were incubated, prior to the treatments of BT and/or PMA, at 39° C. for 30 minutes.

TABLE 4 PMA-stimulated oxidative burst of heterophils in vitro Step I. Step II. Step IV. Anti-TLR2 12 ppm BT Step III. Oxidative burst antibody treatment PMA (RFU + SE) Group blocking (30 min) (60 min) stimulation in 10³ 1 − − − 3.244 ± 0.157 2 − − + 11.235 ± 0.125  3 − + − 3.549 ± 0.05  4 − + + 31.927 ± 0.168  5 + − + 11.6 ± 0.07 6 + + + 18.165 ± 0.095 

As previously reported, treatment of heterophils with BT lipopeptides (12 ppm) did not stimulate oxidative burst in the absence of PMA (Group 3 versus Group 1, Table 4), but significantly increased PMA-stimulated oxidative burst by about 3-fold (Group 4 versus Group 2).

Pre-treatment of heterophils with the goat anti-human TLR2 antibodies (2.0 μg/ml) decreased BT-primed oxidative burst (Group 6 versus Group 4) by 43%, which is at the maximal reported level of inhibition by these human antibodies on chicken TLR2 (Farnell et al., 2003). These results demonstrated that antibodies against human TLR2 at least partially block BT's priming of heterophils to support the idea of TLR2 functioning as a receptor for in vitro priming of purified by BT lipopeptides and BT lipopeptides being (priming-only) noninflammatory TLR2 agonists.

EXAMPLE 4

BT Lipopeptides as an Oral Adjuvant

Since traditional inflammatory TLR2 agonists have been used as adjuvants for various vaccines, the discovery of BT lipopeptides as noninflammatory TLR2 agonists prompted a classic adjuvant efficacy test for their in vivo immunomodulatory activities in a mouse TB vaccination model. C57BL/6 mice were first treated with oral BT lipopeptides and then one of two TB vaccines (the relatively weak ESAT-6/MPL/DDA subunit vaccine and the robust live BCG vaccine) and then tested for an improved response to the vaccine treatment. The test groups included:

1. Oral BT lipopeptide treatment, administered at 40 ppm in the drinking water for 3 days alone;

2. Oral BT lipopeptide treatment (40 ppm in drinking water) for 3 days, followed by ESAT-6/MPL/DDA injection on the 3rd day at a 1× concentration;

3. ESAT-6/MPL/DDA injection at a 1× alone;

4. Oral BT lipopeptide treatment (40 ppm in drinking water) for 3 days, followed by MPL/DDA injection on the 3rd day at a 1× concentration;

5. Oral BT lipopeptide treatment (40 ppm in drinking water) for 3 days, followed by injection of a BCG vaccine on the 3rd day;

6. BCG vaccine injection alone;

7. MPL/DDA injection alone; and

8. Saline injection alone.

Mice were inoculated as above and rested for 4 weeks and then challenged with a low dose aerosol (50-100 CFU) of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The number of viable bacilli 30 days post challenge was then assessed. At day 30 post-infection a viable count was performed on the lung and spleen of mice by homogenizing the organs and plating serial 10-fold dilutions on 7H11 agar plates.

TABLE 5 Testing of the adjuvant activities of BT lipopeptides for TB vaccines Lung Spleen Mean Log₁₀ Log₁₀ CFU Mean Log₁₀ Log₁₀ CFU Group CFU std Reduction CFU std Reduction 1. BT 6.13 0.30 0.00 5.15 0.75 −0.34 2. BT + ESAT-6/MPL/DDA 5.06 0.61 1.07 4.24 0.75 0.57 3. ESAT-6 + MPL/DDA 5.76 0.35 0.38 4.71 0.64 0.10 4. BT + MPL/DDA 6.28 0.19 −0.14 5.34 0.51 −0.53 5. BT + BCG 5.08 0.45 1.06 3.31 0.46 1.50 6. BCG 5.24 0.14 0.90 3.36 0.80 1.45 7. MPL/DDA 6.15 0.37 −0.01 4.87 0.87 −0.06 8. Saline 6.14 0.16 N/A 4.81 0.45 N/A N/A = Not Applicable. Log10 CFU reduction = Mean Log10 CFU for the saline group − Mean Log10 CFU for the treatment group.

The results shown in Table 5 demonstrated that BT lipopeptides orally delivered at 40 ppm in drinking water for three days significantly increased the effectiveness of the ESAT-6 subunit vaccine (especially in lung the target organ of) to the level of the live BCG vaccine (even when the BT adjuvant was delivered separately from the vaccine), confirming oral BT lipopeptides' robust anti-infective immunomodulatory activity in C57BL/6 mice at this dosing level of 40 ppm in drinking water.

EXAMPLE 5

BT-mediated Immunomodulation is not Sufficient to Confer Anti-diabesity Activities

The above finding of BT lipopeptides being TLR2 agonists seemed to reinforce the idea that BT peptides being obesogenic, because TLR2 signaling mediates diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic syndrome in a mouse model (Ehses et al., 2010; Himes and Smith, 2010; Kuo et al., 2011). A DIO mouse study was performed to examine the effects of orally delivered BT lipopeptides at a highly immunomodulatory level (40 ppm in drinking water, as established by the classic adjuvant test in Example 4) on obesity and metabolic syndrome.

High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice were used for evaluation of BT peptides' effects. Animals were 18 week-old and had been on ad libitum high-fat diet for 12 weeks prior to treatment. The animals' level of obesity was intermediary (weighing about 40 grams) to allow assessment of the lipopetides' effect on body weight/obesity in both directions. The animals were fed with the high-fat diet D12492 (60% kcal % fat) from Research Diets Inc. Baseline measurements (weekly food and water intake, body weight, blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test) were performed prior to treatment with natural BT peptides. Two randomized groups were formed [Control (non-peptide treated) and Experimental (BT peptides treated)]. BT peptides were delivered in drinking water at 40 ppm or 40 mg/L. Effects of BT lipopeptides (on food and water intake, body weight, blood glucose, insulin and oral glucose tolerance) were evaluated.

As shown in FIG. 2, oral BT treatment via drinking water at 40 ppm for 5 weeks caused no difference in weight gain, food intake or water intake of the DIO mice. The equivalent BT in-food delivery concentration remained constant at about 40 ppm (or mg per kg of food) throughout the study.

As shown in FIG. 3, the oral BT treatment via drinking water at 40 ppm for 5 weeks caused no difference in blood glucose level control or insulin sensitivity of the DIO mice.

Orally delivery BT lipopeptides at a level sufficient for effective in vivo modulation of anti-infective innate immunity failed to change diet-induced obesity or insulin resistance in either direction, to corroborate intestinal immune tolerance (an absent role of TLR-mediated anti-infective innate immunity in controlling symbiotic commensal-mediated diabesity).

EXAMPLE 6

Anti-diabesity Effects of Orally Delivered BT Lipopeptides as a Pseudo-nutrient in DIO Mice

The discovery of BT lipopeptides as noninflammatory TLR2 agonists made an unexpected and diametrically-opposed prediction of their utilities as anti-diabesity pseudo-nutrients via the TLR-mediated nutrient-sensing in enteroendocrine/taste receptor cells (“the BT-enteroendocrine hypothesis”). Since the threshold to induce a GI hormonal response appears to be high, as minimally 8% (or 80,000 ppm, 3 orders of magnitude higher than any BT concentration tested then) resistant starch in diet is needed to increase plasma GLP-1 and PYY (Belobrajdic et al., 2012), the BT concentration (in drinking water) was elevated by one order of magnitude from 40 ppm to 400 ppm in a new test for possible anti-diabesity effects in DIO mice.

The C57BLK/6 DIO mice were 24 week-old and had been on D12492 ad libitum for 18 weeks prior to treatment, and they were extremely obese and weighed at about 50 grams at the beginning of the study. Baseline measurements (weekly food and water intake, body weight, blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test) were performed prior to treatment. A Control group (10 mice) and a BT group (5 mice) were formed. BT lipopeptides were delivered in drinking water at 400 ppm or 400 mg/L for 30 days. Effects of BT lipopeptides (on food and water intake, body weight, blood glucose, insulin and oral glucose tolerance) were evaluated.

As shown in FIG. 4, oral BT treatment via drinking water at 400 ppm caused significant weight loss in DIO mice. Steady weight loss started upon BT dosing, and reached a maximum of about 15 grams or 30% of total body weight in comparison to Control around Day 22. From Day 22 to Day 30, the average body weight of the BT group remained steady at about 35 grams which is the typical body weight for healthy 27 weeks old mice fed continuously on a low-fat diet (or the normal body weight). Therefore, BT completely reversed DIO in these mice. It was also noted that BT-induced weight loss stopped exactly when the normal body weight was reached (and did not overshoot), suggesting BT's biological function being body weight normalization (optimization towards to the ideal normal weight) rather than unidirectional weight loss.

The idea of BT-mediated body weight normalization was also supported by the food intake level changes. Initially the oral BT treatment caused a steady decrease in food intake to reach a maximal 40% reduction on Day 7. After that (and over two weeks before the complete DIO reversion around Day 22), food intake started to rebound and reached the level of the Control group by Day 22. The simultaneous cessations of appetite reduction and weight loss at the normal weight underscored that appetite suppression was the key driver for weight loss and fine-tuning appetite (according to the deviation from the normal body weight) was the main mechanism for body weight normalization.

Water intake level was decreased by about two thirds throughout the study to result in equivalent BT in-food delivery concentrations about 168, 218, 200, 186, 187 and 177 ppm (or mg per kg of food) on Days 2, 7, 14, 22 and 30 respectively. In other words, the actual dosing level in this study was at about 5× of that in Example 5. Simultaneous suppression of both food and water intakes by orally delivered BT lipopetides was an outcome predicted by the BT-enteroendocrine hypothesis, because GLP-1 (Haak, 1999; Gutzwiller et al., 2004; Gutzwiller et al., 2006; McKay et al., 2011; Chan et al., 2013), PYY (Sloth et al., 2007) and CCK (Koopmans et al., 1972; Guzek and Morawska, 1986; Verbalis et al., 1987; Bondy et al., 1989; Ebenezer, 1996; Menani and Johnson, 1998) are known to suppress water intake in addition to food intake. Interestingly, invoking “conditioned taste aversion” as an alternative explanation for BT's suppression of both water and food intake would actually endorse the BT-enteroendocrine hypothesis, because conditioned taste aversion is mediated by GI hormones (Bojanowska, 2005; Chelikani et al., 2006; Schier et al., 2011) and oral taste cells (which mediate conditioned taste aversion).

As shown in FIG. 5, the oral BT treatment via drinking water at 400 ppm for 30 days caused a significant improvement in blood glucose level control and impressive (>4-fold) enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

As shown in FIG. 6, the oral BT treatment caused a significant improvement in body composition with about 40% reduction in total fat mass and minimal loss of lean mass.

Importantly, the oral BT treatment maintained (both total and free) body water content, and normal body hydration with decreased water intake pointed to both increased internal water supply (“metabolic water” from fat degradation) and increased kidney water retention by CCK's induction of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (Guzek and Morawska, 1986; Verbalis et al., 1987). Since reduced water intake while maintaining body hydration would be a welcome benefit for diabetic patients, orally delivered BT can be used to treat diabetes-associated excessive thirst, water intake and urination. Potential adverse effects of reduced water intake in non-diabetic patients receiving oral BT can be easily avoided with physician's instruction of extra cups of water each day.

In addition, oral BT treatment for 30 days caused visible reduction in visceral obesity and improvement in fatty liver in the DIO mice. Importantly, no physiological or behavioral adverse effects were observed throughout the study.

Therefore, orally delivery of effective amount (“nutrient-sensing” level) of BT lipopeptides as a single agent caused impressive anti-diabesity effects in DIO mice in a study aiming at nutrient mimicry.

EXAMPLE 7

Anti-diabesity Effects of Orally Delivered BT Lipopeptides as a Pseudo-nutrient in db/db Mice

When BT lipopetides were orally delivered to the genetically obese and diabetic db/db mice, the peptides conferred similar anti-diabesity effects. Oral delivery of BT lipopeptides via drinking water at 400 ppm (with an average daily dosing level of 15 mg per kg of body weight) dramatically reduced body weight and improved blood glucose control in db/db mice.

However, dosing db/db mice via once daily intra-gastric gavage (at 15 mg of BT lipopeptides per kg of body weight) conferred no such effects to suggest potential importance of BT lipopeptides' direct contact with or exposure to the oral cavity where GI-hormone-producing taste receptor cells reside. Due to their cationic and amphipathic characteristics, BT lipopeptides are known to be sticky to biomaterials and can be easily sequestered from the aqueous phase in vivo (U.S. 61/447,703). It is believed that when purified BT peptides are orally delivered as a water solution, the sequestration effect of the peptides by food and other gut materials can reduce the free aqueous BT lipopeptides concentration below the threshold for inducing secretion of GI hormones from the enteroendocrine cells.

While this invention has been described in certain embodiments, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.

All references, including publications, patents, and patent applications, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein, including:

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What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral delivery, said pharmaceutical composition comprising isolated, purified BT lipopeptides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is effective to induce body weight normalization and/or blood glucose normalization, wherein the isolated, purified BT lipopeptides are water soluble, and wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a chewing gum, a lozenge, or an oral spray, wherein the isolated, purified BT lipopeptides are present in the range of 100 to 100,000 mg per kg of the dry weight of the food consumed per day.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more isolated, purified BT lipopeptides set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:9.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising isolated, purified BT lipopeptides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO:
 9. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the isolated, purified BT lipopeptides are synthetic.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the isolated, purified BT lipopeptides are isolated from Brevibacillus texasporus.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the isolated, purified BT lipopeptides are provided in a single or divided dose. 